Journal: Environmental Science & Technology Letters

Article Title: Membrane Distillation Provides a Dual Barrier for Coronavirus and Bacteriophage Removal

doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. MS2 and PhiX174 viral stabilities at four temperatures were tested in RO concentrate with antiscalant. The error bars represent the variance between test results (too small to be visible in some cases). Levels of viable MS2 and PhiX174 decreased with increasing temperature, with MS2 levels below detection (<1 PFU per 1 mL) following 2 hours of exposure at 65 °C. At 45 °C, after 1 hour, PhiX174 concentration decreased more than MS2, but thereafter, MS2 and PhiX174 have similar concentration declines. The immediate decrease in concentration of PhiX174 may have been caused by temperature shock when the flasks were placed into the water baths.

Article Snippet: Stocks of MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) and PhiX174 (ATCC 13706-B1) were prepared separately using the double layer agar technique with log-phase host cultures ofEscherichia coli.

Techniques: Concentration Assay

Journal: Environmental Science & Technology Letters

Article Title: Membrane Distillation Provides a Dual Barrier for Coronavirus and Bacteriophage Removal

doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 2. MD bench-scale tests with Na2SO4 solution as the feed solution and ultrapure water as the distillate were performed in duplicates with bacteriophages (a) MS2 and (b) PhiX174. Feed and distillate temperatures were 40 and 10 °C, respectively, and the water flux was approximately 17 L/m2 h. The detection limit for the virus concentration in the distillate was 1 PFU/100 mL (dashed line). The error bars represent the variance in results between tests. (a) MS2 concentration in the feed and control declined during the experiment by 3-log10, but no permeation of MS2 to the distillate was detected. The decrease in MS2 rejection over time from 8 to 4.5 log10 rejection is an artifact of the decrease in feed concentration. (b) PhiX174 concentration in the feed and control remained relatively constant throughout the test but PhiX174 permeated to the distillate in one replicate test. The log rejection values for Na+ ions remained relatively constant throughout the test. However, relative to the virus, the low Na+ ion concentrationand the Na+ ion detection limit (0.125 mg/L) in the distillate, restricted the maximum recordable rejection.

Article Snippet: Stocks of MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) and PhiX174 (ATCC 13706-B1) were prepared separately using the double layer agar technique with log-phase host cultures ofEscherichia coli.

Techniques: Virus, Concentration Assay, Control

Journal: Environmental Science & Technology Letters

Article Title: Membrane Distillation Provides a Dual Barrier for Coronavirus and Bacteriophage Removal

doi: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00483

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 3. MD bench-scale test with RO concentrate as the feed solution and ultrapure water as the distillate were performed with (a) MS2 and (b) PhiX174. Feed and distillate temperatures were 40 and 10 °C, respectively, and the water flux was approximately 17 L/m2-h. The detection limit for the virus concentration in the distillate was 1 PFU/100 mL (dashed line). The error bars represent the variance in results between tests. The concentration of MS2 in the feed solution declined by approximately 1.4-log10, similarly to what was observed in the Na2SO4 tests, while the concentration of PhiX174 remained relatively constant. No permeation of MS2 was observed during the tests; however, PhiX174 permeated after the second hour in one of the replicate tests. The log rejection values for Na+ ions remained relatively constant throughout the test.

Article Snippet: Stocks of MS2 (ATCC 15597-B1) and PhiX174 (ATCC 13706-B1) were prepared separately using the double layer agar technique with log-phase host cultures ofEscherichia coli.

Techniques: Virus, Concentration Assay

Journal: Chemosphere

Article Title: Effects of water matrix on virus inactivation using common virucidal techniques for condensate urine disinfection.

doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.083

Figure Lengend Snippet: Fig. 7. The dendrogram of virus inactivation with different water matrix. Note: A means MS2 inactivation by Chlorine, B means Phi X174 inactivation by Chlorine, C means MS2 inactivation by UVC, D means Phi X174 inactivation by UV, E means MS2 inactivation by UV/TiO2, and F means Phi X174 inactivation by UV/TiO2.

Article Snippet: The two viruses used in the experiments – MS2 (ssRNA coliphage, ATCC 15597-B1) and Phi X174 (ssDNA coliphage, ATCC 13706-B1) – were supplied by ATCC in freeze-dried form.

Techniques: Virus